Design, Prototype Manufacturing and Performance of a Drone for Vineyard Spraying

The application of pesticides in vinyard areas is of crucial importance for grape yields. Field sprayers and atomizers are commonly used for pesticide applications in vinyards. The aim of this research is to develop a drone that will be an alternative to ground vehicles, to expand its use, to reduce the use of pesticides, as well as safer production with less pesticides in the environment, in vinyards area. In accordance to this purpose, a drone (unmanned aerial vehicle) with 6 motors and a multi-copter system (Hexacopter) was designed and prototype manufactured by using open source software program. The flight tests were carried out in the vineyard areas of Dicle University. In the experiments, water sensitive papers and filter papers were used to measure the amount of trace substance deposite rate and coverage rate. These papers were placed in the upper, middle and lower parts of the vine before started of the tests. Spraying experiments were then carried out at 0.5 ms-1, 1.00 ms-1 and 2 ms-1flight speeds and at different flight altitude such as 30 cm, 60 cm and 90 cm and different part of vine as upper, middle and lower part. Each test was carried out triplicated. According to results, spray deposition and coverage rates were found to decrease with increased flight speed of drone and flight altitudes. At all flight speeds and altitudes, the highest amount of deposite and coverage rate were found in the upper part of the vine, while this ratio decreased towards the lower region. The increase in the spray altitude was negatively affected the penetration of the droplets into the plant. In general, the best amount of trace material deposite and coverage rate were was obtained at 0.5 ms-1 flight speed of drone, 30 cm flight altitude and upper section of vine. While the amount of deposite in the plant at 0.5 ms-1 flight speed was obtained 19.61 µgcm-2, this value decreased to 11.21 µgcm-2 at 60 cm altitude and 6.05 µgcm-2 at 90 cm flight altitude. As a result, we can argued that droplet distribution will be more homogeneous, droplet deposition effect well, and environmental pollution will be reduced, in the application of the remote-control drone and low ltitude sprayin, it also will play a very important role in the vinyard pest control. &nbsp

Mercimek Hasadında Kullanılan Hasat-Harman Yöntemlerinin Yakıt Tüketimi, Ürün Kayıpları ve Kapasitelerine Olan Etkileri

Bu çalışma, Diyarbakır ili Dicle İlçesinde 3 farklı geometrik şekillere sahip ve 3 farklı üreticiye ait Fırat 87 kırmızı mercimek çeşidinin ekili olduğu tarlalarda mercimek hasat sezonunda 24-31 Mayıs 2022 tarihlerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada, üreticiler tarafından yaygın olarak tercih edilen farklı makine tipiyle hasat ve traktörle çekilen harman yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada da arazi şekilleri ve kullanılan makinalara göre dökülme kayıpları, birim alan başına tüketilen yakıt tüketimi miktarı ve makina tarla kapasiteleri incelenmiştir. Sonuçlara göre, dane kayıp oranı % 7.9-8.69 arasında değişmiştir. Ortalama yakıt tüketimleri tarla şekli ve kullanılan makina yöntemlerinde farklılıklar olmuştur. Yakıt tüketimi değerleri 0.975 l da-1 ile 1.175 l da-1 arasında değişmiştir. Üretim alanı büyük olan tarlada ortalama yakıt tüketimi diğer tarlalara göre daha düşük bulunmuştur. Hasattan sonra tarlada kurumaya bırakılan mercimeğin harmanlanmasında kullanılan makinaların da tarla şekline göre yakıt tüketimleri bakımından değişkenlik gösterdiği görülmüştür. Birim alana düşen yakıt tüketiminin artmasında harmanlama makinalarının ağırlığı, tarlaların geometrik şekilleri etkili olmuştur. Harmanlamada en yüksek makine tarla kapasitesi üçüncü yöntem tek bıçaklı parmaklı tip makinanın kullanıldığı yöntem ve alanı küçük olan tarlada 5.25 da/h olarak elde edilirken parmaksız çift bıçaklı makinaların kullanıldığı birinci ve ikinci yöntemler benzerlikler göstererek sırasıyla 3.30 ve 3.69 olarak elde edilmiştir

The comparison of different stubble management systems in terms of fuel, capacity and direct sowing

The stubble that remains on the field after the harvest is burned generally by the farmers in Southeastern Anatolia Region. This study was carried out in order to reduce the problems caused by stubble burning in our country and our region to recommend a wheat harvesting method for farmers. The study that was carried out in 2012 contained two different stubble height and five different stubble management systems. Fuel consumption, field efficiency and the amount of stubble on the field surface were examined in the study. After these applied methods, lentil was directly planted on the harvested areas with a mechanic planter. The effects of the stubble management systems on the rate of seed emergence of lentil were investigated. As a result, the highest fuel consumption was obtained from the system which is making straw by chopper mounted on combine-harvester and removing the straw from the field by trailer attached to the combine-harvester as 29.41 L ha-1 while the highest field efficiency and amount of stubble on the field surface were determined at the system which is harvesting wheat by combine-harvester and leaving the stubble on the field as 1.85 ha h-1 and 3716.43 kg ha-1 respectively. Also the highest rates of seed emergence were obtained from the system which is making straw by chopper mounted on combine-harvester and removing the straw from the field by trailer attached to the combine-harvester as 213.77 number m-2 and from the system making straw by chopper mounted on combine-harvester and spreading the straw to field surface as 203.99 number m-2

TILLAGE EFFECTS ON SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS, L.) EMERGENCE, YIELD, QUALITY, AND FUEL CONSUMPTION IN DOUBLE CROPPING SYSTEM

The relation between crop growing and soil tillage treatment are play important role in agricultural production. Soils under conventional tillage (CT) generally have lower bulk density and associated higher total porosity within the plough layer than under no tillage (NT). No-till farming can reduce soil erosion, conserve soil moisture and minimize labor and fuel consumption. The aim of this study were to investigate the effects of conventional, reduced and notillage methods on soil physical properties, sunfl ower yield and yield components, protein and oil content and fuel consumption in Southeastern of Turkey. Six tillage methods for the second crop sunfl ower were tested and compared each other within after lentil harvesting at 2003 and 2004 years in a clay loam soil. According to results, the fi rst year, the bulk density had decreased from 1.29 to 1.09 g cm-3, the second year the δb had decreased from 1.41 to 1.23 g cm-3. Differences between years and tillage methods in terms of yield were found signifi cant (p<0.05). However, no differences were found between the NT and CT. There were also no signifi cance differences in content of protein, oil and ash among six tillage methods. The highest fuel consumption was measured in conventional method (CT) whereas the lowest value was found in direct seeding method as 33.48 L ha-1 and 6.6 L ha-1, respectively

Çukurova Bölgesinde çeltik ekim ve hasadına etkili bazı parametrelerin belirlenmesi üzerine bir araştırma

TEZ1318Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 1993.Kaynakça (s. 58-61) var.vi, 61 s. ; 30 cm.

Cutting Force and Energy Requirement of 'Bogazkere' Grape (Vitis Vinifera L) Cane

In this study, cutting and energy properties of canes of 'Bogazkere' grape variety (Vitis vinifera L. cv.) were determined at spring pruning season in 2018. Cutting and energy properties were measured by the biological materials testing machine. According to test results, the best and lowest cutting force, cutting strength, cutting energy and specific cutting energy results were obtained at type of flat-edge knife as 263.50 N, 9.34 MPa, 2.70 J and 0.1056 J mm(-2), respectively. The highest values of cutting force, cutting strength, cutting energy and specific cutting energy were obtained from the serrated 1(knife-edge thick) type knife as 440.5 N, 15.59 MPa, 3.57 J and 0.1264 J mm(-2), respectively. Measured these properties gradually decreased with increase knife-cutting angle from 0 degrees to 40 degrees. Also, the cutting force, cutting strength, cutting energy and specific cutting energy decreased with increase knife-cutting speed from 1 mm s(-1) to 5 mm s(-1). There were found significant differences between 1 m s(-1) and the other cutting speeds. However, there were not significant different among 2, 3, 4 and 5 mm s(-1) loading speed as statistically.Dicle UniversityDicle University [DUBAP-08-ZF-59]This study was carried out with the test machine that the buy a project supported by the Scientific Research Funding (DUBAP-08-ZF-59) of Dicle University. The authors would like to thank Dicle University for providing the Material Test Machine and financial support

Bazı Yerli ve Yabancı Üzüm Çeşitlerinde Sürgünlerin Kesme Kuvveti ve Enerjisinin Belirlenmesi

Bu çalışmada, bağ çubuklarının kesme işlerinde kullanılabilecek bir makinanın tasarımında temel parametreler olan kesme kuvveti, kesme gerilmesi ve enerji gereksiniminin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda 8 farklı üzüm çeşidi için sürgün çapına ve neme bağlı olarak kesme özelliklerinin değişimi incelenmiş ve istatiski olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Deneylerde kullanılan asmaların sürgünleri Diyarbakır ilindeki şaraplık üzüm üreten üreticilere ait bağlardan temin edilmiştir. Sürgünlerin kesme özelliklerinin belirlenmesinde, Llyod LRX plus, 5000 N kapasiteli biyolojik malzeme test cihazı kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, bitkinin kesme özelliklerinin sürgün kesit alanıyla doğrudan ilişkili olduğunu gözlenmiştir. Kesilen sürgünlerin çaplarının aynı olsa bile kesme özellikleri bakımından çeşitler arasında önemli farklılıklar ortaya çıkmıştır. Çapa bağlı olarak elde edilen maksimum kesilme kuvveti değerleri yabancı üzüm çeşitlerinde elde edilirken, en düşük değerler ise yerli şaraplık üzüm çeşitlerinde saptanmıştır. Yabancı çeşitler için elde edilen en yüksek kesme değerleri ise sırasıyla Cabernet Franc, Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Merlot ve Tannat çeşidinde elde edilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre maksimum kesme kuvveti 2084 N ve kesme enerjisi 662 Ncm olarak % 42 Nem içeriğinde, 10 mm sürgün çapında Cabernet Franc çeşidinde bulunurken, aynı sürgün çapında en düşük kesme kuvveti 1595 N ve kesme enerjisi 531 Ncm olarak Tannat çeşidinde elde edilmiştir. Dolaysıyla bir budama veya kesme makinasının tasarımında ve imalatında çeşitlerin bu kesme özellikleri önemli bir etkiye sahiptir. Bu nedenle, budama ve benzeri kesme işlerinde kullanılacak bir makina tasarımında mutlaka üzüm çeşidinin kesme özellikleri dikkate alınmalıdır. Bu da makina imalatçılarının bir yandan daha modern budama makinalarının imalatının yapılmasına yapmasına olanak sağlayacaktır.In this study, it is aimed to determine the basic parameters such as shear force, shear stress and energy requirement in the design of a machine that can be used in cutting work of gape canes. For this purpose, the variation of cutting properties depending on the grape canes diameter and moisture for 8 different grape varieties were investigated and evaluated as statistics. The canes of grape used in the experiments were obtained from the vineyards of wine producing grape producers in Diyarbakır Province. Llyod LRX plus, a 5000 N capacity biological material tester, was used to determine the shear properties of gape canes. According to the results obtained, it was observed that the cutting characteristics of the plant were directly related to the shoot cross section. Even though the diameter of the interrupted shoots is the same, there are significant differences between the varieties in terms of their cutting properties. The maximum cutting force values obtained according to the diameter were obtained in the foreign grape varieties while the lowest values were determined in the domestic grape varieties. The highest cutting values obtained for foreign grape varieties were obtained from Cabernet Franc, Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Merlot and Tannat varieties respectively. According to the results of the research, maximum cutting force is 2084 N and cutting energy is 662 Ncm in 42% moisture content and 10 mm shoot diameter in Cabernet Franc variety. The lowest cutting force is 1595 N and cutting energy is 531 Ncm in Tannat variety at the same shoot diameter. Thus, these cutting properties of the varieties in the design and manufacture of a pruning or cutting machine have an important effect. For this reason, in the design of a machine to be used in pruning and similar cutting works, the cutting characteristics of the grape variety must be taken into consideration. This will allow machine manufacturers to manufacture more modern pruning machines on the one hand

Determination of Cutting Force and Energy in Grape Cane in Some Domestic and Foreign Grape Varieties

Bu çalışmada, bağ çubuklarının kesme işlerinde kullanılabilecek bir makinanın tasarımında temel parametreler olan kesme kuvveti, kesme gerilmesi ve enerji gereksiniminin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda 8 farklı üzüm çeşidi için sürgün çapına ve neme bağlı olarak kesme özelliklerinin değişimi incelenmiş ve istatiski olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Deneylerde kullanılan asmaların sürgünleri Diyarbakır ilindeki şaraplık üzüm üreten üreticilere ait bağlardan temin edilmiştir. Sürgünlerin kesme özelliklerinin belirlenmesinde, Llyod LRX plus, 5000 N kapasiteli biyolojik malzeme test cihazı kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, bitkinin kesme özelliklerinin sürgün kesit alanıyla doğrudan ilişkili olduğunu gözlenmiştir. Kesilen sürgünlerin çaplarının aynı olsa bile kesme özellikleri bakımından çeşitler arasında önemli farklılıklar ortaya çıkmıştır. Çapa bağlı olarak elde edilen maksimum kesilme kuvveti değerleri yabancı üzüm çeşitlerinde elde edilirken, en düşük değerler ise yerli şaraplık üzüm çeşitlerinde saptanmıştır. Yabancı çeşitler için elde edilen en yüksek kesme değerleri ise sırasıyla Cabernet Franc, Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Merlot ve Tannat çeşidinde elde edilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre maksimum kesme kuvveti 2084 N ve kesme enerjisi 662 Ncm olarak % 42 Nem içeriğinde, 10 mm sürgün çapında Cabernet Franc çeşidinde bulunurken, aynı sürgün çapında en düşük kesme kuvveti 1595 N ve kesme enerjisi 531 Ncm olarak Tannat çeşidinde elde edilmiştir. Dolaysıyla bir budama veya kesme makinasının tasarımında ve imalatında çeşitlerin bu kesme özellikleri önemli bir etkiye sahiptir. Bu nedenle, budama ve benzeri kesme işlerinde kullanılacak bir makina tasarımında mutlaka üzüm çeşidinin kesme özellikleri dikkate alınmalıdır. Bu da makina imalatçılarının bir yandan daha modern budama makinalarının imalatının yapılmasına yapmasına olanak sağlayacaktır.In this study, it is aimed to determine the basic parameters such as shear force, shear stress and energy requirement in the design of a machine that can be used in cutting work of gape canes. For this purpose, the variation of cutting properties depending on the grape canes diameter and moisture for 8 different grape varieties were investigated and evaluated as statistics. The canes of grape used in the experiments were obtained from the vineyards of wine producing grape producers in Diyarbakır Province. Llyod LRX plus, a 5000 N capacity biological material tester, was used to determine the shear properties of gape canes. According to the results obtained, it was observed that the cutting characteristics of the plant were directly related to the shoot cross section. Even though the diameter of the interrupted shoots is the same, there are significant differences between the varieties in terms of their cutting properties. The maximum cutting force values obtained according to the diameter were obtained in the foreign grape varieties while the lowest values were determined in the domestic grape varieties. The highest cutting values obtained for foreign grape varieties were obtained from Cabernet Franc, Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Merlot and Tannat varieties respectively. According to the results of the research, maximum cutting force is 2084 N and cutting energy is 662 Ncm in 42% moisture content and 10 mm shoot diameter in Cabernet Franc variety. The lowest cutting force is 1595 N and cutting energy is 531 Ncm in Tannat variety at the same shoot diameter. Thus, these cutting properties of the varieties in the design and manufacture of a pruning or cutting machine have an important effect. For this reason, in the design of a machine to be used in pruning and similar cutting works, the cutting characteristics of the grape variety must be taken into consideration. This will allow machine manufacturers to manufacture more modern pruning machines on the one hand

The Structural Situation Analysis of the Dairy Cattle Enterprises in Diyarbakır Province

This study was carried out to investigate the structure of dairy farms such as demographic information, management practises, production values, marketing of milk and milk products in Diyarbakır province. In the study, face to face interviews were realized with the 192 dairy farms having 25 and more cattle including 17 district. According to the data collected, dairy enterprises in the region consisted of family based enterprises (90%), cooperative enterprises (7%) and private dairy farms (3%). Cattle breeds distribution in enterprises consist of 12% native breeds, 25% cross- breeds and 63% pure breeds. In dairy enterprises, distribution of cattle was found as 59.7 % of cow, 11.8 % of heifer, 26.1 % of calf, and 2.4 % of bull. The average number of cattle and milking cow per farm were found as 46.7 and 27.8 heads respectively. The type of dairy barns was determined as tie-stall (89%), semi-open (8%) and free-stall (%3) in the cattle enterprises. The average size of land 56% of dairy farm was found under the 50 decares. The 92% of the dairy enterprises declared that the income from dairy was insufficient and 86% were not satisfied as well. The 23% of the farms are used the artificial insemination only. In the herd, 71% of cows were milked by hand and 29% by milking machine. It was found that only 6% of farms sold their milk to dairy factories. This research is important in terms of providing an important data base relating to dairy farming in Diyarbakir provinc

Different Tillage Possibilities for Second Crop in Green Bean Farming

In this study, determining of reduced tillage techniques in green bean farming as a second crop after harvesting wheat was targeted. To this aim, four different soil tillage methods namely, heavy-duty disc harrow (HD), rotary tiller (ROT), heavy-duty disc harrow plus rotary tiller (HD+ROT) and no-tillage (NT) (seeding by direct drill) were examined. Experiments were arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. The highest green beans yields were obtained in HD+ROT and NT as 5,862.1 and 5,829.3 Mg/ha, respectively. The lowest green bean yield was found in HD as 3,076.7 Mg/ha. The highest fuel consumption was measured 30.60 L ha-1 for HD+ROT whereas the lowest value was found 7.50 L ha-1 for NT. No tillage method gave the best results for fuel consumption and effective power requirement. It is concluded that no-tillage method can be used in second crop green bean in the Thrace Region due to economic and erosion conditions